Woodrow Wilson became the twenty-eighth President of the United States on March 4, 1913.
Outbreak of World War I, Declaration of the United States' Neutrality
On June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarejevo, Bosnia. The Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination and a state of war soon existed between the two countries. A complicated system of alliances brought France, Russia, and Great Britain into the war on the side of Serbia, and Germany, Italy, and Turkey on the side of Austria-Hungary. On August 4, 1914 President Wilson issued a formal proclamation of the United States' neutrality in World War I.
President Wilson Marries Edith Galt
President Woodrow Wilson married Edith Bolling Galt, the widow of a wealthy Washington jeweler, on December 18, 1915.
Legislation
Underwood Tariff Act
Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Act, which dramatically lowered the rates on protective tariffs in 1913.
Federal Reserve Act
The Federal Reserve Act which regulated currency and the banking industry, became law in 1913.
Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to ensure fair business practices.
Clayton Antitrust Act
The Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 expanded the powers of the federal government to break up monopolies.
Adamson Act
The Adamson Act of 1916 established an eight-hour day for railroad workers.
Sinking of the Lusitania
In May of 1915, a German submarine sunk the British passenger liner Lusitania, killing 128 Americans. President Wilson demanded, and received, an apology from the German government and a promise that they would cease sinking passenger ships of any nationality.
Germany Returns to Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
In late January of 1917 the German government announced its plans to return to unrestricted submarine warfare. President Wilson sent diplomats over to Germany on February 3, in an attempt to persuade the Germans against this decision. Diplomacy was abandoned, and President Wilson announced the severing of diplomatic relations with Germany on February 3.
Zimmerman Telegram
On January 16, 1917 British Intelligence intercepted a telegram from Arthur Zimmerman, the German foreign minister, to the Mexican foreign minister, proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event Germany went to war with the United States. In the telegram Zimmerman promised that in exchange for Mexico's help in the war against the U.S., Germany would help Mexico recover its lost territory in Texas, California, Arizona, and New Mexico. The British revealed the telegram to the U.S. State Department on February 24. The telegram was made public on March 1.
Woodrow Wilson 1917-1921
Second Term
Events
Inauguration
Woodrow Wilson delivered his second inaugural address on March 4, 1917.
United States Enters World War I
On April 2, 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany, which was overwhelmingly granted on April 6, 1917.
"14 Points"
With an Allied victory in sight, President Wilson delivered his famous "14 Points" speech on January 8, 1918. In his speech, the President called for the removal of all barriers of trade between nations, a world-wide arms reduction, and an outlawing of secret treaties. The "14 Point" also provided for a League of Nations to settle disputes between nations and to enforce international law. More than half of the "14 Points" dealt specifically with post-war plans for Germany, the speech was instrumental in convincing Germany to surrender.
Armistice
An Allied armistice was reached with Germany on November 11, 1918.
Versailles Peace Conference
The Versailles Peace Conference took place in Paris in December of 1918. President Wilson was received at the conference as a hero. Though he was able to dominate the talks, Wilson had to make many concessions, most of which provided for a harsh dealing with Germany, in order to get his League of Nations into the Treaty. The Treaty of Versailles stripped Germany of its colonies, rearranged its boundaries which resulted in the loss of territory, and blamed Germany for the entire conflict making it responsible for paying exorbitant reparations.
President Wilson has a Stroke
On September 26, 1919 President Wilson fell ill while speaking in Pueblo, Colorado. He returned to Washington, where he suffered a stroke on October 2, 1919 which left him incapacitated.
Legislation
Selective Service Act
A Selective Service Act was passed six weeks after the declaration of war on Germany.
McAdoo's Railroad Administration
Early in 1918 President Wilson appointed Treasury Secretary William G. McAdoo director general of the railroads, with the authority to operate the railroads as a single system.
War Industries Board
Early in 1917 President Wilson established a War Industries Board to standardize production, set prices, and regulate the consumption and usage of scarce material.
Committee on Public Information
In April 1917 President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information to gain public support for the war effort. The CPI hired hundreds of writers to write speeches and newspaper articles which depicted the war as a war for freedom and democracy.
Federal Food Administration
In order to increase food production for the war effort President Wilson established the Federal Food Administration, and appointed Herbert Hoover as its chairman. Hoover set the price of wheat at $2.20 a bushel in order to encourage farmers to step up production. He also launched a campaign to get citizens to conserve food voluntarily.
Espionage Act
In 1917 Congress passed the Espionage Act which imposed fines and jail sentences on those found guilty of aiding the enemy or interfering with the recruitment process.
War Labor Board
President Wilson created the War Labor Board in April of 1918 to arbitrate disputes between industrial labor and management.
Sedition Act
In May 1918 Congress passed the Sedition Act which made it illegal to utter, write, or print anything defamatory against the government, Constitution, or Army and Navy.
Eighteenth Amendment
Ratified in 1919 the Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors.
Nineteenth Amendment
Ratified in 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote.
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was submitted by President Wilson to the Senate on July 10, 1919. Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge distrusted the League of Nations and sought to protect the United States by adding a provision which President Wilson felt nullified the League. The President took his case directly to the American people and departed on a speaking tour around the country. The Treaty of Versailles was voted down by the Senate on November 19, 1919. In March of 1920, the Republican opposition, led by Senator Lodge, re-introduced the Treaty in the hopes that President Wilson would compromise so that the Treaty could be ratified with the Lodge provision. President Wilson again refused to compromise and again submitted the Treaty to the American people, this time with the election of 1920. Too ill to run himself, President Wilson supported the Democratic nomination of James M. Cox. The Republicans nominated Warren G. Harding. Harding beat Cox in a landslide election, and President Wilson's dream of United States membership within his League of Nations ceased to be.